Plotting

\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\) \(\def \LWRfootnote {1}\) \(\newcommand {\footnote }[2][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\footnotemark }[1][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\let \LWRorighspace \hspace \) \(\renewcommand {\hspace }{\ifstar \LWRorighspace \LWRorighspace }\) \(\newcommand {\TextOrMath }[2]{#2}\) \(\newcommand {\mathnormal }[1]{{#1}}\) \(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRframebox }[2][]{\fbox {#2}} \newcommand {\framebox }[1][]{\LWRframebox } \) \(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtolength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\setcounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtocounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\arabic }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\number }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\noalign }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\protect }{}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbnumber #1 {}\) \(\def 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\( \newcommand {\abs }[1]{\lvert #1\rvert } \) \( \DeclareMathOperator {\sign }{sign} \) \(\newcommand {\intertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\) \(\let \Hat \hat \) \(\let \Check \check \) \(\let \Tilde \tilde \) \(\let \Acute \acute \) \(\let \Grave \grave \) \(\let \Dot \dot \) \(\let \Ddot \ddot \) \(\let \Breve \breve \) \(\let \Bar \bar \) \(\let \Vec \vec \) \(\newcommand {\bm }[1]{\boldsymbol {#1}}\) \(\require {physics}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRphystrig }[2]{\ifblank {#1}{\textrm {#2}}{\textrm {#2}^{#1}}}\) \(\renewcommand {\sin }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{sin}}\) \(\renewcommand {\sinh }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{sinh}}\) \(\renewcommand {\arcsin }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{arcsin}}\) \(\renewcommand {\asin }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{asin}}\) \(\renewcommand {\cos }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{cos}}\) \(\renewcommand {\cosh }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{cosh}}\) \(\renewcommand {\arccos }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{arcos}}\) \(\renewcommand {\acos }[1][]{\LWRphystrig {#1}{acos}}\) \(\renewcommand {\tan 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\(\DeclareMathOperator *{\argmax }{argmax}\) \(\DeclareMathOperator *{\argmin }{arg\,min}\) \(\def \E [#1]{\mathbb {E}\!\left [ #1 \right ]}\) \(\def \Var [#1]{\operatorname {Var}\!\left [ #1 \right ]}\) \(\def \Cov [#1]{\operatorname {Cov}\!\left [ #1 \right ]}\) \(\newcommand {\floor }[1]{\lfloor #1 \rfloor }\) \(\newcommand {\DTFTH }{ H \brk 1{e^{j\omega }}}\) \(\newcommand {\DTFTX }{ X\brk 1{e^{j\omega }}}\) \(\newcommand {\DFTtr }[1]{\mathrm {DFT}\left \{#1\right \}}\) \(\newcommand {\DTFTtr }[1]{\mathrm {DTFT}\left \{#1\right \}}\) \(\newcommand {\DTFTtrI }[1]{\mathrm {DTFT^{-1}}\left \{#1\right \}}\) \(\newcommand {\Ftr }[1]{ \mathcal {F}\left \{#1\right \}}\) \(\newcommand {\FtrI }[1]{ \mathcal {F}^{-1}\left \{#1\right \}}\) \(\newcommand {\Zover }{\overset {\mathscr Z}{\Longleftrightarrow }}\) \(\renewcommand {\real }{\mathbb {R}}\) \(\newcommand {\ba }{\mathbf {a}}\) \(\newcommand {\bb }{\mathbf {b}}\) \(\newcommand {\bc }{\mathbf {c}}\) \(\newcommand {\bd }{\mathbf {d}}\) \(\newcommand {\be }{\mathbf {e}}\) \(\newcommand {\bf }{\mathbf {f}}\) \(\newcommand {\bg }{\mathbf {g}}\) \(\newcommand {\bh }{\mathbf {h}}\) \(\newcommand {\bi }{\mathbf {i}}\) \(\newcommand {\bn }{\mathbf {n}}\) \(\newcommand {\bo }{\mathbf {o}}\) \(\newcommand {\bp }{\mathbf {p}}\) \(\newcommand {\bq }{\mathbf {q}}\) \(\newcommand {\br }{\mathbf {r}}\) \(\newcommand {\bs }{\mathbf {s}}\) \(\newcommand {\bt }{\mathbf {t}}\) \(\newcommand {\bu }{\mathbf {u}}\) \(\newcommand {\bv }{\mathbf {v}}\) \(\newcommand {\bw }{\mathbf {w}}\) \(\newcommand {\bx }{\mathbf {x}}\) \(\newcommand {\bxx }{\mathbf {xx}}\) \(\newcommand {\bxy }{\mathbf {xy}}\) \(\newcommand {\by }{\mathbf {y}}\) \(\newcommand {\byx }{\mathbf {yx}}\) \(\newcommand {\byy }{\mathbf {yy}}\) \(\newcommand {\bz }{\mathbf {z}}\) \(\newcommand {\bA }{\mathbf {A}}\) \(\newcommand {\bB }{\mathbf {B}}\) \(\newcommand {\bC }{\mathbf {C}}\) \(\newcommand {\bD }{\mathbf {D}}\) \(\newcommand {\bH }{\mathbf {H}}\) \(\newcommand {\bI 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}{\mathrm {SSR}}\) \(\newcommand {\MSE }{\mathrm {MSE}}\) \(\newcommand {\RMSE }{\mathrm {RMSE}}\) \(\newcommand {\toprule }[1][]{\hline }\) \(\let \midrule \toprule \) \(\let \bottomrule \toprule \) \(\def \LWRbooktabscmidruleparen (#1)#2{}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\cmidrule }[1][]{\ifnextchar (\LWRbooktabscmidruleparen \LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }\) \(\newcommand {\morecmidrules }{}\) \(\newcommand {\specialrule }[3]{\hline }\) \(\newcommand {\addlinespace }[1][]{}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsubmultirow }[2][]{#2}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRmultirow }[2][]{\LWRsubmultirow }\) \(\newcommand {\multirow }[2][]{\LWRmultirow }\) \(\newcommand {\mrowcell }{}\) \(\newcommand {\mcolrowcell }{}\) \(\newcommand {\STneed }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\tcbset }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\tcbsetforeverylayer }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\tcbox }[2][]{\boxed {\text {#2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\tcboxfit }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\tcblower }{}\) \(\newcommand {\tcbline }{}\) \(\newcommand {\tcbtitle }{}\) \(\newcommand {\tcbsubtitle [2][]{\mathrm {#2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\tcboxmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\tcbhighmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\) \(\require {colortbl}\) \(\let \LWRorigcolumncolor \columncolor \) \(\renewcommand {\columncolor }[2][named]{\LWRorigcolumncolor [#1]{#2}\LWRabsorbtwooptions }\) \(\let \LWRorigrowcolor \rowcolor \) \(\renewcommand {\rowcolor }[2][named]{\LWRorigrowcolor [#1]{#2}\LWRabsorbtwooptions }\) \(\let \LWRorigcellcolor \cellcolor \) \(\renewcommand {\cellcolor }[2][named]{\LWRorigcellcolor [#1]{#2}\LWRabsorbtwooptions }\) \(\newcommand {\tothe }[1]{^{#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\raiseto }[2]{{#2}^{#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxEND }{}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxang #1;#2;#3;#4\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#1}{}{\num {#1}\degree }\ifblank {#2}{}{\num {#2}^{\unicode {x2032}}}\ifblank {#3}{}{\num {#3}^{\unicode {x2033}}}}\) \(\newcommand {\ang }[2][]{\LWRsiunitxang #2;;;\LWRsiunitxEND }\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxENDTWO }{}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsubtwo #1,#2,#3\LWRsiunitxENDTWO {\ifblank {#1}{0}{\mathrm {#1}}\ifblank {#2}{}{{\LWRsiunitxdecimal }\mathrm {#2}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsub #1.#2.#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsubtwo #1,,\LWRsiunitxENDTWO \ifblank {#2}{}{{\LWRsiunitxdecimal }\LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsubtwo #2,,\LWRsiunitxENDTWO }}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal }[1]{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsub #1...\LWRsiunitxEND }\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumplus #1+#2+#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}}{\ifblank {#1}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x02B}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumminus #1-#2-#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumplus #1+++\LWRsiunitxEND }{\ifblank {#1}{}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}}\unicode {x02212}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumpmmacro #1\pm #2\pm #3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumminus #1---\LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x0B1}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumpm #1+-#2+-#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumpmmacro #1\pm \pm \pm \LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x0B1}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific }[2]{\ifblank {#1}{}{\ifstrequal {#1}{-}{-}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\times }}10^{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumD #1D#2D#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumpm #1+-+-\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumd #1d#2d#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumD #1DDD\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumE #1E#2E#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumd #1ddd\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnume #1e#2e#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumE #1EEE\LWRsiunitxEND }{\mathrm {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific {#1}{#2}}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxnumx #1x#2x#3x#4\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnume #1eee\LWRsiunitxEND }{\ifblank {#3}{\LWRsiunitxnume #1eee\LWRsiunitxEND \times \LWRsiunitxnume #2eee\LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxnume #1eee\LWRsiunitxEND \times \LWRsiunitxnume #2eee\LWRsiunitxEND \times \LWRsiunitxnume #3eee\LWRsiunitxEND }}}\) \(\newcommand {\num }[2][]{\LWRsiunitxnumx #2xxxxx\LWRsiunitxEND }\) \(\newcommand {\si }[2][]{\mathrm {\gsubstitute {#2}{~}{\,}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxSIopt #1[#2]#3{\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {\,\si {#3}}{#2}\num {#1}\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxSI }[2]{\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {\,\si {#2}}\num {#1}\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {}}\) \(\newcommand {\SI }[2][]{\ifnextchar [{\LWRsiunitxSIopt {#2}}{\LWRsiunitxSI {#2}}}\) \(\newcommand {\numlist }[2][]{\text {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\numrange }[3][]{\num {#2}\ \LWRsiunitxrangephrase \ \num {#3}}\) \(\newcommand {\SIlist }[3][]{\text {#2}\,\si {#3}}\) \(\newcommand {\SIrange }[4][]{\num {#2}\,#4\ \LWRsiunitxrangephrase \ \num {#3}\,#4}\) \(\newcommand {\tablenum }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\ampere }{\mathrm {A}}\) \(\newcommand {\candela }{\mathrm {cd}}\) \(\newcommand {\kelvin }{\mathrm {K}}\) \(\newcommand {\kilogram }{\mathrm {kg}}\) \(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\mole }{\mathrm {mol}}\) \(\newcommand {\second }{\mathrm {s}}\) \(\newcommand {\becquerel }{\mathrm {Bq}}\) \(\newcommand {\degreeCelsius }{\unicode {x2103}}\) \(\newcommand {\coulomb }{\mathrm {C}}\) \(\newcommand {\farad }{\mathrm {F}}\) \(\newcommand {\gray }{\mathrm {Gy}}\) \(\newcommand {\hertz }{\mathrm {Hz}}\) \(\newcommand {\henry }{\mathrm {H}}\) \(\newcommand {\joule }{\mathrm {J}}\) \(\newcommand {\katal }{\mathrm {kat}}\) \(\newcommand {\lumen }{\mathrm {lm}}\) \(\newcommand {\lux }{\mathrm {lx}}\) \(\newcommand {\newton }{\mathrm {N}}\) \(\newcommand {\ohm }{\mathrm {\Omega }}\) \(\newcommand {\pascal }{\mathrm {Pa}}\) \(\newcommand {\radian }{\mathrm {rad}}\) \(\newcommand {\siemens }{\mathrm {S}}\) \(\newcommand {\sievert }{\mathrm {Sv}}\) \(\newcommand {\steradian }{\mathrm {sr}}\) \(\newcommand {\tesla }{\mathrm {T}}\) \(\newcommand {\volt }{\mathrm {V}}\) \(\newcommand {\watt }{\mathrm {W}}\) \(\newcommand {\weber }{\mathrm {Wb}}\) \(\newcommand {\day }{\mathrm {d}}\) \(\newcommand {\degree }{\mathrm {^\circ }}\) \(\newcommand {\hectare }{\mathrm {ha}}\) \(\newcommand {\hour }{\mathrm {h}}\) \(\newcommand {\litre }{\mathrm {l}}\) \(\newcommand {\liter }{\mathrm {L}}\) \(\newcommand {\arcminute }{^\prime }\) \(\newcommand {\minute }{\mathrm {min}}\) \(\newcommand {\arcsecond }{^{\prime \prime }}\) \(\newcommand {\tonne }{\mathrm {t}}\) \(\newcommand {\astronomicalunit }{au}\) \(\newcommand {\atomicmassunit }{u}\) \(\newcommand {\bohr }{\mathit {a}_0}\) \(\newcommand {\clight }{\mathit {c}_0}\) \(\newcommand {\dalton }{\mathrm {D}_\mathrm {a}}\) \(\newcommand {\electronmass }{\mathit {m}_{\mathrm {e}}}\) \(\newcommand {\electronvolt }{\mathrm {eV}}\) \(\newcommand {\elementarycharge }{\mathit {e}}\) \(\newcommand {\hartree }{\mathit {E}_{\mathrm {h}}}\) \(\newcommand {\planckbar }{\mathit {\unicode {x210F}}}\) \(\newcommand {\angstrom }{\mathrm {\unicode {x212B}}}\) \(\let \LWRorigbar \bar \) \(\newcommand {\bar }{\mathrm {bar}}\) \(\newcommand {\barn }{\mathrm {b}}\) \(\newcommand {\bel }{\mathrm {B}}\) \(\newcommand {\decibel }{\mathrm {dB}}\) \(\newcommand {\knot }{\mathrm {kn}}\) \(\newcommand {\mmHg }{\mathrm {mmHg}}\) \(\newcommand {\nauticalmile }{\mathrm {M}}\) \(\newcommand {\neper }{\mathrm {Np}}\) \(\newcommand {\yocto }{\mathrm {y}}\) \(\newcommand {\zepto }{\mathrm {z}}\) \(\newcommand {\atto }{\mathrm {a}}\) \(\newcommand {\femto }{\mathrm {f}}\) \(\newcommand {\pico }{\mathrm {p}}\) \(\newcommand {\nano }{\mathrm {n}}\) \(\newcommand {\micro 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{x2103}}\) \(\newcommand {\fg }{\femto \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\pg }{\pico \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\ng }{\nano \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\ug }{\micro \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\mg }{\milli \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\g }{\gram }\) \(\newcommand {\kg }{\kilo \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\amu }{\mathrm {u}}\) \(\newcommand {\pm }{\pico \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\nm }{\nano \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\um }{\micro \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\mm }{\milli \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\cm }{\centi \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\dm }{\deci \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\m }{\metre }\) \(\newcommand {\km }{\kilo \metre }\) \(\newcommand {\as }{\atto \second }\) \(\newcommand {\fs }{\femto \second }\) \(\newcommand {\ps }{\pico \second }\) \(\newcommand {\ns }{\nano \second }\) \(\newcommand {\us }{\micro \second }\) \(\newcommand {\ms }{\milli \second }\) \(\newcommand {\s }{\second }\) \(\newcommand {\fmol }{\femto \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\pmol }{\pico \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\nmol }{\nano \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\umol }{\micro \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\mmol }{\milli \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\mol }{\mol }\) \(\newcommand {\kmol }{\kilo \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\pA }{\pico \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\nA }{\nano \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\uA }{\micro \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\mA }{\milli \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\A }{\ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\kA }{\kilo \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\ul }{\micro \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\ml }{\milli \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\l }{\litre }\) \(\newcommand {\hl }{\hecto \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\uL }{\micro \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\mL }{\milli \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\L }{\liter }\) \(\newcommand {\hL }{\hecto \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\mHz }{\milli \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\Hz }{\hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\kHz }{\kilo \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\MHz }{\mega \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\GHz }{\giga \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\THz }{\tera \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\mN }{\milli \newton }\) \(\newcommand {\N }{\newton }\) \(\newcommand {\kN }{\kilo \newton }\) \(\newcommand {\MN }{\mega \newton }\) \(\newcommand {\Pa }{\pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\kPa }{\kilo \pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\MPa }{\mega \pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\GPa }{\giga \pascal }\) \(\newcommand {\mohm }{\milli \ohm }\) \(\newcommand {\kohm }{\kilo \ohm }\) \(\newcommand {\Mohm }{\mega \ohm }\) \(\newcommand {\pV }{\pico \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\nV }{\nano \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\uV }{\micro \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\mV }{\milli \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\V }{\volt }\) \(\newcommand {\kV }{\kilo \volt }\) \(\newcommand {\W }{\watt }\) \(\newcommand {\uW }{\micro \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\mW }{\milli \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\kW }{\kilo \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\MW }{\mega \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\GW }{\giga \watt }\) \(\newcommand {\J }{\joule }\) \(\newcommand {\uJ }{\micro \joule }\) \(\newcommand {\mJ }{\milli \joule }\) \(\newcommand {\kJ }{\kilo \joule }\) \(\newcommand {\eV }{\electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\meV }{\milli \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\keV }{\kilo \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\MeV }{\mega \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\GeV }{\giga \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\TeV }{\tera \electronvolt }\) \(\newcommand {\kWh }{\kilo \watt \hour }\) \(\newcommand {\F }{\farad }\) \(\newcommand {\fF }{\femto \farad }\) \(\newcommand {\pF }{\pico \farad }\) \(\newcommand {\K }{\mathrm {K}}\) \(\newcommand {\dB }{\mathrm {dB}}\) \(\newcommand {\kibi }{\mathrm {Ki}}\) \(\newcommand {\mebi }{\mathrm {Mi}}\) \(\newcommand {\gibi }{\mathrm {Gi}}\) \(\newcommand {\tebi }{\mathrm {Ti}}\) \(\newcommand {\pebi }{\mathrm {Pi}}\) \(\newcommand {\exbi }{\mathrm {Ei}}\) \(\newcommand {\zebi }{\mathrm {Zi}}\) \(\newcommand {\yobi }{\mathrm {Yi}}\) \(\let \unit \si \) \(\let \qty \SI \) \(\let \qtylist \SIlist \) \(\let \qtyrange \SIrange \) \(\let \numproduct \num \) \(\let \qtyproduct \SI \) \(\let \complexnum \num \) \(\newcommand {\complexqty }[3][]{(\complexnum {#2})\si {#3}}\) \(\renewcommand {\pm }{\mathbin {\unicode {x00B1}}}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxrangephrase {\TextOrMath { }{\ }\protect \mbox {to}\TextOrMath { }{\ }}\) \(\def \LWRsiunitxdecimal {.}\)

12 Figures Inside a Document

A figure in a book or a paper is read on its own, out of order, before the surrounding text. Two requirements follow.

The figure must be self-contained Axes labeled with quantity and unit, series identified in the figure rather than in the body text, and any parameter the reader needs to interpret the panels stated in the caption. The test is whether a reader who has seen only this page can say what is plotted.

The caption states the finding, not the axes A caption reading “Accuracy versus training set size” repeats the axis labels and adds nothing. A caption reading “Accuracy saturates beyond \(2000\) samples, so the remaining error is not a data-quantity problem” tells the reader what the figure is for. The captions throughout this document are written this way, and the numbers they quote are printed by the scripts that draw the figures, so the two cannot drift apart.

Export so the figure survives the page The conventions of this document are a worked instance of everything above: figures are drawn at the width they will occupy, so Eq. (8.1) gives \(s = 1\) and the point sizes in the script are the point sizes on the page, and they are exported to PDF and SVG so they stay vector at any zoom, plus JPEG at \(300\) dpi where a raster is needed. LaTeX then includes them without an extension, so the same source produces the PDF and the HTML build.

Further Reading

Software
  • • matplotlib, plot types: one thumbnail and one call per chart type, grouped by the kind of data. The fastest way to answer the “which chart” question of Sec. 6 without inventing something exotic.

  • • matplotlib, the gallery: the same catalog with complete runnable source for every figure, including the colormap comparisons of Sec. 5 and the small-multiple layouts of Sec. 7.6.

  • • MATLAB plot gallery: the MATLAB counterpart, organized the same way, for the figures produced by the scripts in matlab/.

  • • “Types of MATLAB Plots”: the same catalog inside the documentation, indexed by data type, with the function name for each.

  • • “Choosing colormaps in Matplotlib”: the sequential, diverging and qualitative families of Sec. 5, with the gray level of each map plotted along it, which is the measurement behind Fig. 5.5.

  • • ColorBrewer: interactive scheme selection with color-blind-safe and print-safe filters, originally built for cartography and applicable unchanged to any categorical or sequential encoding.

  • • colorcet: colormaps beyond the viridis family that are built to the same rule — equal steps in the data look like equal steps — including maps designed for cyclic quantities such as phase.

  • • matplotlib, hexbin: the display to fall back on when a scatter is too dense for any opacity setting: the count per cell in one call, with the colorbar that \(\alpha \) cannot carry and the log-count option that a heavy-tailed density needs.

  • • datashader: the same idea at the size where binning has to happen before the plot exists, tens of millions of points aggregated into the pixel grid of the figure rather than handed to the renderer as marks.

  • • matplotlib, radar chart: the polygon of Sec. 6.3 built on a polar axes, with the category-to-spoke transform written out, for the cases where the form is the right one.

  • • matplotlib, Hinton diagram: the square-area matrix of Fig. 6.8(a) in about twenty lines, including the sign handling that a signed weight matrix needs.

Methods